Operations Management Essay - 4889 Words

Innovation in Operations Management: Foreign Banking Industry Outline Company: The Banco de Oro, Philippines by (Name) Submitted to: (Professor) (Subject) (University) (Date) Table of Contents Background 3 Brief History of Banco de Oro, Philippines 4 Banco De Oro, Philippines 5 Vision, Mission and Values 5 Internal and External Analysis 6 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 6 SWOT Analysis 8 Pest Analysis 9 Organizational Structure 10 Type 10 BDO Industry Life Cycle 11 Organizational Structure 12 Industry Phase/Dominant Design 12 Leadership Style 14 Strategies amp; Tactics 15 Key Performance Indicators 15 Supply Chain Management 16 Controls 17 Financials 17 Recommendations 18 References 19†¦show more content†¦With its strengthening base, BDO has been able to merge with Dao Heng Bank in 2001, immediately increasing its branches from 108 to 120. Then in 2005, United Overseas Bank has been integrated with BDO in 2006, again increasing its total number of branches to 220. Again in 2005, BDO and SM Group of Companies acquired more than 75% of Equitable PCI Bank and 10% of Equitable CardNetwork, and 10% from EBC Investments. On December 1, 2005 BDO s hares were initially included in the Philippine Stock Exchange Composite Index (BDO, 2009). (Please see Table of Milestones in the Appendix) Banco De Oro, Philippines Vision, Mission and Values BDO’s core values focus on commitment: commitment to customers in delivering products and services over and above client expectations and remain as prudent and trustworthy stewards for their wealth. To a dynamic and efficient organization that is flexible and can positively react to change; being committed to the process of continuous improvement. BDO also professes commitment to employees by encouraging dynamism, teamwork, professionalism, and performance through improving employee skills through growth and development. Finally, commitment to shareholders by providing them with superior returns through the long term (BDO, 2009). BDO’s corporate mission focuses on becoming the preferred bank in every market they serve by continuously offering innovative products throughShow MoreRelatedOperations Management Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper intends to define operations management and analyze an ethics decision made by operations manager s in the workplace or in a known organization. Production and Operations Management (POM) is about the transformation of production and operational inputs into outputs that, when distributed, meet the needs of customers. The process is often referred to as the ConversionRead More Operations Management Essay466 Words   |  2 PagesOperations Management Operations management focuses on managing the processes of producing and distributing products and services. Operations activities often include product creation, development, production and distribution. 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The State Of Arizona Should Abolish The Sb1070 Law

As Franklin D. Roosevelt said â€Å"Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.†As much as people try twisting the president s words, president Roosevelt meant that this country was founded by immigrants, and therefore we should be accepting. 11.5 million can stand for many things but, in this case according to Pew Research Centers 11.5 million is the number of illegal immigrants that live in the United States as of 2013.One thing that everyone know’s is that Arizona is the number 1 state in the United States that has the most immigration problems. Arizona s anti-immigrant law, S.B. 1070, Lets Police ask the immigration status of anyone arrested or detained if they suspect that the person is not in the U.S. legally. with this new SB 1070 law it makes it so it is a crime to be caught without papers in the state of Arizona. The state of Arizona should abolish the SB1070 law. Let’s begin wit h the negative effects of the SB 1070 law. Racial discrimination, that’s exactly what this law is doing to Hispanics, it is racially discriminating. These state officials are guessing who is an immigrant and who isn’t by the color of their skin. According to American Progress â€Å"Under this law any person of color, or anyone with a foreign accent, can be required to prove their status and be jailed—regardless of whether they are a citizen or an immigrant—until they can do so.† How would these officials know who’s an

A Doll House Essay Example For Students

A Doll House Essay In A Doll House, by Henrik Ibsen, Norah and Torvald are married, but Norah, according to Torvald is like a little lark; however, she is not who she seems. Krogstad is at the center of conflict. In the novel, he can be considered the antagonist; however, all he wants is to succeed in life. Although, he does choose the wrong path to achieve his success. Throughout the novel Krogstad is utilized to illustrate the corruption within the A Doll House. Nora, in order to save her husbands health ascertained a loan from Krogstad. She did this without her husbands knowledge. The loan acts as a catalyst and cause for the corruption in the novel. Once Krogstad issues the loan to Nora she deceives Torvald whom mustnt ever know about what she did to save his life (54). Instead Nora tells Torvald her father gave the means (53). Nora deceives her husband in order to keep his machismo superior. However, despite the loan Krogstad issues, his corruption stems even further into the play. The origin of his corruption is from his past, as Krogstad claims, he did something rather rash (64). The reader never knows what exactly he did but they do know it cost him his respect and reputation. After the incident he resorted to various activities (64), which Nora and her husband, Torvald are aware of. Thus because of his past Krogstad knows what must be done to survive. Taking the bank job was like the first rung in my ladder (64), Krogstad states, symbolizing Krogstads quest for redemption and respect as his sons grow up. Krogstad simply wants to earn back the respect of those whose respect he has lost, however, his means of achieving his goals are controversial and corrupt; fore it is the only way he knows how anymore. Once Krogstad learns Nora forged the signature and confesses, saying I signed papas signature (66), he has the bargaining chip he needs in order to control Nora and have her do what he wants. As a result of his needs, Nora must result to flirting with the well-off Dr. Rank, flirtingly saying he has been naughty (82). This portrays how the corruption transcends from Krogstad to Nora, using the loan papers as a carrier of the corruption, which, once it reaches Nora, then becomes a full blown epidemic like some sort of disease. The corruption eventually touches everyone, yet they are all affected by it differently. Krogstad was its host, Nora its carrier, and the community was its victims. The victim whom was affected by it the worst though was Torvald whom in the end lost his wife, revealing the uniqueness of this Aristotelian tragedy, in which it was their marriage that died. Despite all the bad acts of corruption and despicable methods Krogstad still had a catharsis. Mrs. Linde brings about his peripeteia during their first meeting in many years. During their conversation the reader realizes Krogstads acts from the past where to help Kristine. Kristine shows Krogstad he can still take it all back (97). Kristine acts as the vaccine for the epidemic that is the corruption. Instead of allowing Krogstad to demand his letter back from Torvald he encourages him not to so the truth can be revealed, thus allowing the deception to end and the need for corruption demolished. Without her the corruption of Krogstad would still be wrapped around Nora like a venomous snake, but instead he has an insight and corrects his wrongs, allowing Nora to be truly happy.

Ethical Hacking Techniques and Penetration Testing

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Hacking Techniques and Penetration Testing. Answer: Introduction There has been a huge development in the internet and networking technologies in the past few years (Siponen et al., 2014). With the advancement in the technologies the people have become very dependent on these technologies for obtaining knowledge. But this technology is also viable to breaches. The security breaches on the internet have been increasing with the time passing by. The report provides an example of one such incident that took place recently. It was reported recently that the Apple Store subjected to malware attack. The report contains information in details about the attack and also provides some recommendation, so that this type of security breaches could have been avoided. Apple Store Hit by Malware Attack According to the identityforce.com, it was reported that the Apple was subjected to malware attack recently. In the article, Apples App Store Hit by Malware Attack by the identityforce.com, on October 2, 2015, it was reported that the company had reported that about a dozen of apps that were infected by malware were discovered by the company ("September 2015 iPhone Hack", 2017). Until now the apple users have been experiencing a very high level of security. This is because the Apple Company does interact much with the third party manufacturers. In addition to this apple was not adopted to the level that the other companies were. Hence, the hackers did not target Apple to the extent that the other companies were. But recently security issues are being reported against the company. It was reported that the company had discovered several apps that were infected by malwares. It included some the very popular apps like WeChat, which has more than 500 million users. This report showed that the Apple Store can also be subjected to cyber-attacks on a large scale. It has been reported that the popularity and the increasing number of consumers of the company has made them a target for the hackers. It was reported that the App store was infected with the malware named XcodeGhost (Brockman, Stieglitz Cvetkovic, 2015). The program was found inside the legitimate programs of the App Store. It was fused inside the normal apps so that the user would not understand the defect of the app unless they download it from the store. The malicious programs that existed within the apps were detected by several cyber security firms. It was initially indicated by an e-commerce firm in China named Alibaba. They had discovered that the hackers had uploaded the altered version of the Xcode to one of the Chinese cloud storage service. The Xcode is the program that is used in the development of the iOS aps. In China and in various other parts of the network speeds might be slower. Hence, many of the developer tend to download the instances of the tool from other sources, and end up downloading the infected version of the tool. Although, Apple have a security tool named the Gatekeeper, but the in or der to develop the aps the coders would have to disable the security tool and use the XcodeGhost to develop the apps. Hence when these packages from the external sources are addd to the app code the app becomes infected and the infected app is uploaded into the store which infects the store in return. In addition to these millions of users have already downloaded these infected apps. All this users can potentially be affected to the harmful effects of the malware. The malwares have infected the popular apps so that more and more users could be affected by the security breach. The malware could obtain sensitive information about the users without the user even knowing about the attack. The malware would be able to send alerts to the device that is infected and can obtain the information about the user by tricking them into revelation of the information. The Apple Company have already taken down the apps that were infected from their store. In addition to this the company is looking into detecting more apps that were subjected to the malware attack. In addition to this the company should also look to enhance their security methods. The company should perform effective filtration techniques before allowing the apps to be uploaded on their store. In addition to this, the company should adopt proper testing techniques for the apps that are uploaded on their online store. Although, no instances of the user data being hacked was reported for the incident. In addition to this the users should also be aware of the situation. It is advisable for them to update or delete the reported apps. And also they should not be using the jail broken devices. So that they would be safe from the attacks of the malware. The report provides a brief analysis of one of the several incidents of security breach that are taking place lately. The incident of the breach that took place in the Apple store have been provided in this report. The process of the breach and the effect of the breaches have been provided in the report. In addition to this remedies have also been mentioned in the report. It could have been avoided if the company would have adopted a strict filtration process for the applications in their store. In addition to this the users are advised to update the apps regularly so that malware packages would be uninstalled from their devices. The hacking have had a great development in the past few years. Lately more and more hackers are encouraged to practice the technique (Craig Shackelford, 2014). This is a great development in the field of technologies. But in the recent time the technique is being used for illegal and unethical practices. This causes a great amount of problem for the society. In addition to this the practice is increasing day by day. The report consists of one of the incidents of hack case on the web (Elhai Hall, 2016). The report provide in brief some information about the telegram hack case. The procedures of the hack and the effect of the hack on the people have been described in the report. In addition to this some recommendation are also provided for the case. According to the Telegraph.com, it was reported that the hackers had gained access to a huge number of accounts on the messaging platform the Telegram. In the article, Iranian Hackers Attack Telegram to find 15 million accounts released on August 3, 2016, it has been reported that some Iranian hackers have gained access to the secure platform of messaging the Telegram (McGoogan, 2017). According to the report the security researchers have stated that the details of around 15 million users of Iran have been accessed by the hackers. The Telegram is considered one of the most secured messaging platform on the web. The hacking of the platform is a major case in recent times. The tool provides security and privacy to the users by the end to end encryption method. But the hackers that had used advanced methods for hacking into the systems. According to the report, the telecom companies have to option to intercept the messages that the company sends to the users when they are either logging into their accounts from a phone or some other devices. The hackers can easily use these intercepting techniques of the telecom companies and get access of the messages of the Telegram Company. In addition to this, there is also a chance that the Telecom companies are providing the data to the hackers and they are using it to set up the accounts on some other remote devices. This method makes the users vulnerable to the telecom companies and the hackers. Hence hacking into the sytem of the Telegram platform was unavoidable. According to the report around 15 million user in Iran were affected by the hack. The hackers could get the information of the users from the techniques implemented by them. The personal information of about 15 million users were available to the hackers. In addition to this the hackers could also intercept the messages that the users sent to each other. The reports on this case had spread fears into the minds of the users that were using the platform. They feared that most of their sensitive information that were contained in their messages would be available to the hackers. The common people also feared that very sensitive communications would be compromised. The people feared that they would be losing their privacy. In addition to this it has been also reported that about a dozen of telegram accounts have been compromised by the company. In addition to this since the Telegram is based on the phone numbers anyone can easily check the registration status of the phone number in the s ystem. Although the company have stated that, the users can continue using their accounts with the fear of breaches but they have not mentioned any such procedures by which they can protect their communications. The company have stated that do not block anybody who expresses the opinion peacefully. The company should try and increase their security constrains. In addition to this they should also look to improve their methods of communication. They should try and secure the communication processes. They should try and stop the telecommunication companies from intercepting into their networks. This reduce the risk of the communication information from getting hacked. The company has also stated that, the hacking is not a very serious issue. But the count of the effected users is around 15 million. Hence, the company should look into the security matters with more seriousness. Although the company blocks the terrorist bot and the channels, but they do not have a proper authentication process in place. In addition to this user should also be aware that they should not pass the sensitive information over the messages. In addition to this the users must follow the instruction provided by the company for securing their communication. The company advices the users to follow their two- step authentication process. The users should follow this process to keep their connections secure. Conclusion The hacking case of the Telegram Company have been provided in the report. The procedures of the incident and the effect of the hacking case have also been provided in the report. In addition to this information about some actions that could have taken by the company have also been provided in the report. The company should look to increase their security measure and should seriously look into the hacking case. In addition to this, the users should also be aware of the situation and perform their actions accordingly. They should follow the advices of the company to keep their connections secure. References Alapati, S. R., Gossett, S. (2014).Oracle WebLogic Server 12c Administration Handbook. McGraw-Hill Education. Annachhatre, C., Austin, T. H., Stamp, M. (2015). Hidden Markov models for malware classification.Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques,11(2), 59-73. Brockmann, T., Stieglitz, S., Cvetkovic, A. (2015). Prevalent Business Models for the Apple App Store. InWirtschaftsinformatik(pp. 1206-1221). Chowdappa, K. B., Lakshmi, S. S., Kumar, P. P. (2014). Ethical hacking techniques with penetration testing.International journal of computer science and information technologies,5(3), 3389-3393. Craig, A., Shackelford, S. (2014). Hacking the planet, the dalai lama, and you: managing technical vulnerabilities in the Internet through polycentric governance. Elhai, J. D., Hall, B. J. (2016). Anxiety about internet hacking: Results from a community sample.Computers in Human Behavior,54, 180-185. Hassan, N. R., Mingers, J., BERND, S. (2015). Call for Papers: IS Philosophy Special Issue.European Journal of Information Systems, available at: https://www. palgravejournals. com/ejis/EJIS_IS_Philosophy_Special_Issue-v6a_Final_Copy. pdf. McGoogan, C. (2017). Iranian hackers attack Telegram to find 15 million accounts. The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/08/03/iranian-hackers-attack-telegram-to-find-15-million-accounts/ Narra, U., Di Troia, F., Corrado, V. A., Austin, T. H., Stamp, M. (2016). Clustering versus SVM for malware detection.Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques,12(4), 213-224. Parks, R. F., Adams, L. (2016). Analyzing Security Breaches in the US: A Business Analytics Case-Study.Information Systems Education Journal,14(2), 43. Safa, N. S., Von Solms, R., Futcher, L. (2016). Human aspects of information security in organisations.Computer Fraud Security,2016(2), 15-18. September 2015 iPhone Hack. (2017). IdentityForce. Retrieved 7 April 2017, from https://www.identityforce.com/blog/apple-account-information-stolen-by-iphone-hackers Siponen, M., Mahmood, M. A., Pahnila, S. (2014). Employees adherence to information security policies: An exploratory field study.Information Management,51(2), 217-224. Thomas, R. C., Antkiewicz, M., Florer, P., Widup, S., Woodyard, M. (2013). How bad is it?a branching activity model to estimate the impact of information security breaches.

The Great Gatsby Essays (804 words) - The Great Gatsby,

The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a classic- a novel complete with characters, setting, and symbolism that all contribute to the theme of the novel. The concept that people deny reality to see only what they wish to see is one that is present in history, current events, and literature, and more specifically, in The Great Gatsby. Characters in The Great Gatsby have a difficult time seeing past their own hopes and dreams and into the truths of what is happening. Daisy Fay ignores reality; in fact, Daisy herself is pictured as unreal. She flutters and floats about the room, and seems ?buoyed up [on the couch] as though upon an anchored balloon? (12). Daisy cannot admit that her daughter is real- she refers to her as [A] dream...[an] absolute little dream'? (123). Tom Buchanan is an extremely ignorant man who cannot come to terms with his own stupidity. He tries to prove his intelligence by reading ?all scientific? (17) books that are ?deep? (17) and have ?long words in them? (17). Tom is having an affair with Myrtle Wilson, a would-be upper class woman who is destined to stay on the wrong side of the tracks. She tries to assume a social position by having an affair with Tom, who has extraordinary wealth and a magnificent social standing. She pretends to be of a high class several times; she ?raise[s] her eyebro ws in despair at the stiflessness of the lower orders [and says,] ?These people! You have to keep after them all the time'?(36). Her husband George is equally delusional as he tries to ignore his wife's affair. Because he lives in the valley of ashes, he is covered in and taken over by the ashes. He fades into the valley, into nothingness, and out of reality. Mr. Henry Gatz, father of Jay Gatsby, emerges at Gatsby's funeral, unable to accept the fact that his young Jimmy has transformed into Jay Gatsby. He holds onto ?a photograph of the house, cracked in the corners and dirty with many hands? (180), a memory of how life was, and how Gatz still perceives it to be. The photograph is ?more real to him than the house itself? (180). Jay Gatsby, in turn, is also living in a dream. He is determined to win Daisy's love, and his entire life is wrapped around the single hope Nowadly 2 that she will yearn for him as well. His entire life is just a stage set up to convince Daisy of his love for her. Even after Daisy declares her love for Tom, Gatsby still watches over her, waiting, ?watching over nothing? (153). He cannot accept that his fantasy is over, that Daisy loves another man. The idea that most people are in denial of reality is one that can be related to past and current events. The Titanic was a magnificent ship that set sail in April of 1912. It was an enormous ship, capable of holding thousands of passengers. But the designers made one small error: they did not put enough lifeboats on the Titanic to save all of its travelers. The designers, builders, and captains of the ship all agreed that, because Titanic was the largest, most magnificent ship ever built, it was simply indestructible. They were proven wrong as Titanic hit an iceberg and proceeded to sink to the bottom of the ocean, making theirs one of the largest mistakes ever made in history. Politicians can be great liars and can live deluded lives, but eventually it will catch up to them. In the 1800's, the North and South of the United States were arguing over Missouri's admission to the Union: should it be admitted as a slave state or a free state? Henry Clay came up with a compromise that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state, pleasing both the North and South. Only Thomas Jefferson saw the problem with this compromise: it merely prolonged the fight by momentarily calming a dispute. The rest of Congress decided to ignore the soon-to-be tremendous problem. Most recently, President Clinton was accused of having an affair with Monica Lewinsky, an

Indian country revisited essays

Indian country revisited essays Indian Country Revisited When I was younger, I asked my teacher, all the time in fact, why do we have to learn this. Her response was always, youll need it when you grow up. Math, science, and English, I understood, but history was different. She said that we must learn our history so as not to repeat the errors of the past. I still dont believe this. In Vietnam, Americans, foreigners to their land, came in and sought to take what wasnt ours to take. Did we not also do this when we, the British, came to the Americas to take the land. Sure we said that we were seeking religious freedom, but was that why we were really there? We were in Vietnam to fight for economic freedom (against communism), but was that really why? Vietnam was nothing more than the entire cowboys and Indians situation all over again, but with a different outcome. I propose then, why need history? If this situation was the same as taking the Indians land, then we didnt learn from our history, and therefore it is worthless. In Robin Moores, The Green Berets, he even refers to the entire conflict as Indians and Cowboys, but how accurate is this? For references I will be referring to Tim OBriens If I Die in a Combat Zone, and Phillip Caputos, Rumor of War. In The Green Berets, OBrien was a young intellectual who was drafted into the war years after it started. He was opposed to the war the entire time, and was very jaded that he had to go and fight. In this book, he presents the Vietnamese much in the same way that a family of cowboys would have described the Indians in the 1800s. He was forced into the war and hated it, and the only way that he could bring himself to fight it was to dehumanize and hate the Vietnamese. They are portrayed as a primitive race, living in grass huts and making it by on almost nothing. They have all of these tradition ...

Abraham linkon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham linkon - Essay Example As a result, he took an approach of preventing the spread of silvery into other territories and expected it to die a natural death without attacking it directly. On the contrary, Douglas believed that slavery as morally wrong, though he believed the people reserved the right to either observe it or not. For instance, Douglas believed that despite the Dread Scott Supreme Court ruling, municipalities had a duty not support legislations that supported slavery if they chose to. Settlers according to Douglas could also prevent slavery by not adopting the local legislations in such localities, which would have led to slavery being combated from a moral point of view despite the legislation permitting it. The controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was responsible for alienating the northerners, resulting in political turmoil and violence that largely ate into the democrat’s political power. Douglas advocated for a popular sovereignty approach in abolishing slavery in this region. To Douglas this was a deeply rooted in democracy and in the republic principles as envisaged by declaration of independence (Etcheson, 2008). On the contrary, to Lincoln, this was a subversion of the spirit of republicanism; he blamed Douglas for the chaos that led to a bleeding Kansas. Lincoln directly attacked the legitimacy of the sovereignty meaning as stated in the act. Lincoln took it as his lawful and constitutional obligation to uphold the law, prohibit slavery, and encourage the return of fugitives. On the contrary, Douglas opted to use the â€Å"let the people decide† approach to prevent angering the whites in including the free states into senate voting blocs (Etcheson, 2008). Tho ugh Douglas was trying to organize the northern territories, the southern politicians who were not interested to add more voters to the Free State block in the senate

Business Plan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Plan Paper - Essay Example In their efforts to expand investment portfolios, investors evaluate the performance of a company by scrutinizing its business plan. In this regard, organisations should prepare business plans in order to expand their capital base. Another benefit of a business plan is that it conveys the leadership styles and how the company is positioned in the market. In this way, it creates confidence among the investors by indicating the strategies that the company will emulate to retain or improve its market position (Pinson 36). In addition, a business plan indicates the financial performance of an organisation by undertaking a comparison between its forecasts and the performance in the previous years. The section below discusses a business plan of Coca-Cola bottlers Philippines Incorporation Coca-Cola Philippines is embarked on production of various Coca-Cola products such as Coke, Sprite and Coke Zero among others. Major ingredient that makes up Coke Zero, the recently launched product is Aspertame among others (Murden 25). The objective of the company is to maximize the shareholders returns while being careful of the responsibilities of all the stakeholders. In addition, the company aims at becoming a responsible firm that build and support communities. Similarly, the objective of the company is to create value for its customers. The company target consumers within the age bracket of 16 to 50 years. This is based on the fact that these consumers are focused at active lifestyle emphasizing on good health. Additionally, they aim at keeping their sugar levels at a constant level. In this regard, Coke Zero becomes a good option for them. The company undertakes its TV advertisement by use of endorsers such as Gabbie Merced, Eli Buendia and Billy Crawford. In addition, it emulates billboards especially along the roads connecting Cagayan de Oro to other cities (Juana et al 5). One

Proposing a solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Proposing a solution - Essay Example Areas around notice boards are also vulnerable to a lot of littering especially when poster papers fall off or are deliberately/ accidentally pulled down by students. Careful observation of the campus population reveals that different people litter for various reasons. For one, most persons who do the littering usually feel that the have no sense of ownership or responsibility of the campus, and so its state becomes of little concern to them (Dasmann, 34). In addition, such people often argue that even if they litter around there are those employed to specifically pick up the litter and clean after them. Many would, in this wavelength, cite the fees they pay for maintenance and the consequent budgeting by the university to consider such things as the cleanliness of the campus as a reason for neglecting their environmental duties. Others more simply litter since there is already litter everywhere else, and are adhering to a set trend, while other still, litter because they have too many papers on them at the time (Dasmann, 35). Members of the campus community also litter when they aim at a garbage can, miss it and out of laziness decide not to pic k up the straying litter. A huge portion of litter in the campus also comes from canteens and food joints in the campus. However prominent, paper waste is not the only form of littering seen around campus. Soda cans, beer bottles, cigarette butts, plastic bags, coffee cups and other such items equally commonly make up this list. In most cases, litter does not remain confined in one place (origin) as it can always move, thus escalating the problem. Litter from the campus often finds its way into the surrounding community, and vice-versa. Weather, wind and animals help move litter into planted gardens, waterways, parking lots, and so on, causing pollution in their wake. Litter can also create health risks by

Internal Validity in Longitudinal Homeless Research

Internal Validity in Longitudinal Homeless Research Establishing Internal Validity in Longitudinal Research with the Homeless Introduction When working with the homeless, it is necessary to identify potential factors that may contribute to the process of entering or exiting homelessness. These factors may take the form of demographic information, socio-economic status, and familial support, to name a few (Johnson et al., 1997; Chamberlain Johnson, 2013). Some of these variables may be described as negative reinforcements, in that they exacerbate a person’s likelihood of experiencing prolonged homelessness (Aubry, Klodawsky, Coulombe, 2012). These may include substance use, mental illness, arrest history, and absence of support network (Fazel et al., 2008). The temporal relationship between variables of this nature and homelessness is of particular interest to researchers. Determining whether substance use or mental illness precede and predict one’s chances of entering homelessness, or whether these variables have a greater chance of occurring following the manifestation of homelessness, will have implica tions for the development of interventions. While substance use and mental health disorders are shown to occur at increased rates among the homeless as compared to the general population (Fazel et al., 2008), teasing out their particular relationship with the onset, life course, or outcome of homelessness may be difficult to do. In their longitudinal investigation of 344 single adults recruited from municipal homeless shelters in the New York City area, McQuistion, Gorroochurn,Hsu, andCaton (2013) sought to measure the constructs of substance use and mental health, among others, to discover what relationship they had with whether or not someone experienced chronic homelessness, recurring homelessness, or successful rehousing over an eighteen-month period. The authors hypothesized that recurrent homelessness would be associated with characteristics that limit or impede a person’s ability to function, and additionally sought to determine if these characteristics may be independently predictive of recurrent homelessness, o r if they are associated with other outcomes (McQuistion et al. p. 2, 2013). Defining the variables The dependent variable in this report is described as the life course of experienced homelessness. The researchers limited their participants to exclusively include those who were experiencing homelessness for the first time, so as to observe differences in individual characteristics of those who go on to experience recurrent or chronic homelessness and those are rehoused. The authors recruited participants from the municipal shelter system, and relied on retrospective self-report to measure the continued progress of housing status. Interviews were conducted every six months, while brief check-in interviews were conducted monthly, in an effort to reduce recall bias. As the study proceeded, the authors divided participants into one of three categories: (1.) those experiencing recurrent homelessness – one or more further lapses of homelessness following rehousing, (2.) chronic homelessness – the absence of any housing following baseline interview, and (3.) stably housed à ¢â‚¬â€œ the acquisition and successful retaining of fixed permanent dwelling (McQuistion et al. p. 3, 2013). As a dependent variable, life course of homelessness in this study is sufficiently nuanced to include a wide range of possible experiential outcomes over a span of time, but the concept of â€Å"homelessness† itself is narrowed by the restraints of the study’s recruitment technique. While drawing their entire recruitment pool from the municipal shelter system of New York City ensured that participants were experiencing true homelessness (McQuistion et al. p. 2, 2013), this definition of homelessness still excludes those who may be sleeping in cars, residing in homeless encampments, occupying public spaces, or otherwise absent from the shelter system. There will be no way to say whether the results obtained in this study would be any different for people who may not utilize shelters upon entering homelessness. The independent variables in this study are described as â€Å"risk variables† (McQuistion et al., p. 3, 2013), demographic characteristics, and personal history information. The authors describe only a few of the instruments that were used in gathering this information. Upon initiating the baseline interviews, participants were screened for criteria of DSM-IV Axis I disorders (including substance abuse disorders). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used for this purpose, for the sake of brevity. The only Axis II diagnosis screened was antisocial personality disorder, because it is the only Axis II disorder in which behavioral history is the primary criteria (McQuistion et al. p. 2, 2013). While this may be convenient, excluding the diagnosis of other personality disorders further limits the generalizability of this data. History of living arrangement, education, income, employment history, criminal justice involvement, history of childhood placement, and current familial support were also obtained (McQuistion et al,. 2013). â€Å"Out-of-home placement† in childhood was defined as residing with a non-relative before the age of 18 (McQuistion et al., p. 3, 2013). Once again, the definition of this construct may be too narrow in scope, as it overlooks those who have had a similar â€Å"out-of-home placement† experiences, but have been placed with distant relatives through foster care. Familial disorganization during childhood was assessed by asking a series of questions related to parental substance abuse, parental criminality, family violence, and other similar items. According to the authors, â€Å"family disorganization† as a construct had a reliability ÃŽ ± coefficient of .71 (McQuistion et al. p. 3, 2013). Other reliability coefficients for the remaining instruments were not disclosed. Relationship between variables Following data collection after eighteen months, cases were divided into the aforementioned three categories of homeless life course (McQuistion et al. p. 3, 2013). The authors then used multinomial logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between each of the housing categories and the risk variables, while controlling for demographic characteristics (McQuistion et al. p. 6, 2013). Some noteworthy associations were discovered. On its own, substance abuse was associated with increased rates of recurrent homelessness when examined in a bivariate analysis (McQuistion et al. p. 8, 2013). Among the risk variables and dependent variables, no isolated variable was statistically significantly associated with housing status outcome following multinomial logistic regression analysis. However, the authors point out that upon combining three factors – (1.) substance abuse within 30 days prior to baseline interview, (2.) history of arrest, and (3.) a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder – an outcome of recurrent homelessness could be exclusively predicted. These findings suggest that while no single variable may predict the life course of homelessness, a grouping of risk factors may increase the likelihood of one outcome over another. There are associations, particularly between substance use and the homeless life course, but they may not reach critical influence unless they occur in conjunction w ith other factors. These findings further illustrate the idea that the phenomenon of homelessness is complex, hard to explain, and involves the culmination of many forces (McQuistion et al., 2013). Discussion – internal validity The internal validity at issue in this study comes down to establishing the relationship between three statistically significant risk factors and an outcome of recurrent homelessness, specifically whether one causes the other. While the authors took steps to safeguard against the threat of confounding and selection bias by virtue of the potential independent variables they accounted and controlled for, there are still issues with establishing internal validity. Although the three variables that were collectively linked with recurrent homelessness were temporally established as preceding the outcome, there are alternative explanations for this. Arrest history and antisocial personality disorder have historically been closely related (Hodgins, Cà ´tà ©, 1993; McCabe et al., 2012). That these both occurred together is redundant, and suggests that one variable that could have covered both of these simultaneously had to be divided to produce the appearance of a significant association. Furthermore, the authors describe a substance use disorder within the past thirty days of the baseline interview as being the third predictive variable for recurrent homelessness. That reported substance abuse was present prior to the baseline interview – and subsequently the first of many recurrent homeless episodes – throws doubt on the temporal assumption of one variable causing the other. Participants could have forseen their entry into homelessness as their support networks fell apart, began using a substance to cope, entered homelessness, and continued using. In this case, entry into homelessness may have brought on substance use, rather than the alternative. That there exists this alternative explanation casts doubt on the internal validity of asserting cause-and-effect between this article’s dependent and independent variables. While this article does contribute to our understanding of the factors associated with recurrent homelessness – and may even suggest a temporal relationship – it is not flawless. Research attempting to identify the possible causes of a complex phenomenon like homelessness will undoubtedly encounter difficulties in doing so. Regardless, it is the collective contributions of these efforts that will continue to inform our knowledge base, and consequently our interventions, with this population. References Aubry, T., Klodawsky, F., Coulombe, D. (2012). Comparing the housing trajectories of different classes within a diverse homeless population. American Journal Of Community Psychology, 49(1-2), 142-155. Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. (2013). Pathways into adult homelessness. Journal Of Sociology, 49(1), 60-77. Fazel, S., Khosla, V., Doll, H., Geddes, J. (2008). The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in Western countries: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Medicine 5(12), 0001–0012. Hodgins, S., Cà ´tà ©, G. (1993). Major mental disorder and antisocial personality disorder: A criminal combination. Bulletin Of The American Academy Of Psychiatry The Law, 21(2), 155-160. Johnson, T. P., Freels, S. A., Parsons, J. A., Vangeest, J. B. (1997). Substance Abuse and homelessness: Social selection or adaptation. Addiction, 92, 437–445. McCabe, P. J., Christopher, P. P., Druhn, N., Roy-Bujnowski, K. M., Grudzinskas, A. r., Fisher, W. H. (2012). Arrest types and co-occurring disorders in persons with schizophrenia or related psychoses. The Journal Of Behavioral Health Services Research, 39(3), 271-284. McQuistion, H. L., Gorroochurn, P., Hsu, E., Caton, C. M. (2013). Risk factors associated with recurrent homelessness after a first homeless episode. Community Mental Health Journal, doi:10.1007/s10597-013-9608-4 1

The Misuse of Torture in Rendition Essays -- Film Analysis

What if someone you love just disappeared? The United States used this same idea to install a program known as the extraordinary rendition. It was put in place during the Clinton administration, but became publically recognized after 9/11. In the context of the movie, Rendition, rendition refers to the transfer of suspected terrorists outside of the United States to a foreign country, where harsh interrogation and torture takes place. Although Rendition was installed to protect the United States from terrorist attacks, the rendition of Anwar El- Ibrahimi represents the government’s misuse of the program. In the movie, Rendition, a terrorist bombing occurs in a foreign country and an American envoy is killed. An investigation is then dispatched, which leads to an Egyptian who has been living in the Unites States for many years and who is married to a United States citizen. This man, Anwar El- Ibrahimi, is then apprehended on his way home from a business meeting in Egypt. As Anwar El- Ibrahimi is now a terrorist suspect and is appeared to have gone missing on his flight back to the United States, his wife, Isabella El- Ibrahimi and a CIA analyst are trying to figure out where he is. The U.S government wants to find the mastermind who committed such terrorist attacks so they can prevent future attempts like these. In the movie, Alan Smith, CIA Analyst, confronts Corrine Williams, CIA’s Head of Operation Rendition, on human rights and she replies, â€Å"Honey, this is nasty business. There are upwards of 7,000 people in central London alive tonight, because of information that we elicited just this way. So maybe you put your head on your pillow and feel proud for saving one man while 7,000 perish, but I got grandkids in Londo... ...of. The fact that Anwar El- Ibrahimi is abducted under reasons not justified by the cause is crossing the line. The movie Rendition exemplifies the misuse of torture as a way to show us the difference between what is right and what is wrong. Although someone seems like a terrorist, the U.S government cannot abduct such person solely on that assumption. One must look at the background and analyze their entire lives. Torture and rendition are a very sensitive and extremely controversial issue, but one must take a step back and realize what stops the government from torturing oneself. Works Cited "Rendition Quotes." Movie Quotes - Subzin.com. Web. 22 Dec. 2010. . "Rendition (2007) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 22 Dec. 2010. .

Notes on A Constable Calls by Seamas Heaney Essay

Seamus Heaney tells us about a memory from his childhood. A policeman visits his family farm to take a record of the crops that Heaney’s father is growing. The description of the bicycle is our first indication that the policeman is not welcomed and that he is seen -by Heaney at least –as an intimidating, unpleasant figure. Everything in the description of the bike hints at this. The ‘fat black handlegrips’ sound ugly and unpleasant, and seem to suggest that the bicycle’s owner might be similarly unappealing. The dynamo is ‘cockedback’, reminding us of the trigger of a gun. The pedals are ‘relieved / Of the boot of the law’, implying that the constable is a man whose presence causes pressure and discomfort. He represents ‘the law’ and is therefore disliked. At that time in Northern Ireland, most Catholics would have viewed the police as an oppressive force. The descriptions of the constable reinforce that idea. The harsh ‘k’ and ‘g’ sounds in the opening stanzas emphasise the harshness of the authority the constable represents and they also create a sense of tension. It is clear that the constable is not welcome in the Heaney home. His hat is on the floor: nobody has taken it from him or offered him a place to put it. Again, the physical description of the constable focuses on unattractive aspects of his appearance. His hair is ‘slightly sweating’ and marked by the cap he has been wearing. The idea of his oppressive presence is again picked up by the reference to the ledger (record book) being ‘heavy’. The young Heaney is filled with fear as he watches the constable. He stares at his gun and remembers every detail of it in its holster. The tone of the poem is one of fear. Meanwhile, the constable continues to record the family’s crops. Heaney’s father answer’s the constable’s questions with curt, one word replie s, showing how unwelcome both he and his interrogation are. The young boy is terrified to hear his father lying about the crops. He knows that there is a line of turnips which his father has not admitted to, and in his horrified imagination, he sees his father –and maybe even himself –being taken to the barracks and thrown in a cell. The constable takes his leave, putting the ledger away. Heaney refers to it as the ‘domesday book’ because he is so terrified that his father will be judged and punished for his  little lie about the turnips. This name for the ledger also reinforces the idea of the constable belonging to an oppressive force which holds the threat of violence over people like Heaney’s father. Of course, the young boy is grossly exaggerating the policeman’s power in this instance. To a small child, the lie about the turnips seems enormous, but in reality, nobody would be thrown in jail for such a minor offence, even if it were to be discovered. However, young Heaney’s emotions towar ds the constable reflect his father’s dislike and resentment of being held to account for his crops. The constable looks at the young boy and says ‘goodbye’. This reminds us that the constable is, in reality, just a man. This is the only instance of his humanity. It is not likely that he wishes to appear threatening or intimidating, but that is how he is viewed by the Catholic community. He is seen as a representative of an unwelcome, despised, oppressive authority. Outside the window, the constable is for a moment just a shadow. There is something shadowy about the descriptions of him throughout the poem. We never learn any details about him as a person: what we learn of him is based on the images of menace and threat.

Cubic Feet to Cubic Inches Conversion

Cubic Feet to Cubic Inches Conversion Converting cubic feet  to cubic inches  is a common English units conversion  problem. Here is the conversion factor and a worked example. Conversion Factor 1 cubic foot   1728 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 0.000578704 cubic feet Simple Example Convert 3.5 cubic feet into cubic inches.  When using a conversion factor, be sure the unit you are changing from gets canceled out. You can multiply by the conversion factor: 3.5 cubic feet x 1728 cubic inches per cubic foot 6048 cubic inches Worked Example You measure a box and find it is 2 foot  long, 1 foot  high, and 0.5 feet deep. The first step is to calculate the volume in cubic feet.  The volume of the box is length x width x height so the volume of the box is: 2 x 1 x 0.5   volume in cubic feet 1 cubic foot Now, to convert this to cubic inches, you know there are 1728 cubic inches in 1 cubic foot: 1 cubic foot x (1728 cubic inches / 1 cubic foot) volume in cubic inches 1 cubic foot x 1728 cubic inches/foot   volume in cubic inches 1728 cubic inches

Study of Mercury †Astronomy Essay

Study of Mercury – Astronomy Essay Free Online Research Papers Study of Mercury Astronomy Essay Suppose mercury is our home planet(Although it is not possible)but we concive by the imaginary that, we are animal of mercury planet. then A.U and Orbital period will be of other planet is:- Planet A.U Orbital period - - Mercury 1 88 Days Venus 1.86 223.16 Days Earth 2.58 364.6 Days Mars 3.93 685.5 Days Jupiter 13.34 4335.76 Days Saturn 24.64 10762.4 Days Uranus 49.51 30693.5 Days Neptune 77.89 60499.2 Days About the deflection of planetary winds:- Infact, durinal motion of Mercury is very slow. For this slow motion, there is no deflection of matters on Mercury. Hence, Mercury has no deflection of planetary winds. Suppose the 1st days Mercury enters on Aries then 29.4 Days enters cancer, 51.5 days Libra, 73.5 Days capricornius and again 88 days enter on Aries. HOW MUCH TIME WILL BE REQUIRED FOR COMING OF LIGHT FROM SUN TO MERCURY AND MERCURY TO OTHER PLANET? Sun to Mercury 3.2 minutes Mercury to Venus 2.7 minutes Mercury to Earth 5.0 minutes Mercury to Mars 9.4 minutes Mercury to Jupiter 40 minutes Mercury to Saturn 1.2 Hour Mercury to Uranus 2.6 Hour Mercury to Neptune 4.1 Hour AN AVERAGE DISTNCE OF MERCURY FROM THE SUN IS 57900000 KM(APPROX)SO WHAT IS DISTANCE OF MERCURY TERMS OF LIGHT-YEAR? Light year of mercury is 6.1*10^-6 ly. COMPARE OF AXIAL ROTATION PERIOD BETWEEN THE EARTH AND MERCURY:- EARTH MERCURY AXIAL ROTATION PERIOD 5.6 Minutes 5.5 Hours 1.4 Degree 11.25Minutes 11.06 Hours 2.8 Degrees 22.5 Minutes 22.12 Hours 5.6 Degrees 45 Minutes 22.12 Hours 11.25 Degrees 1.5 Hours 88.5 Hours 22.5 Degrees 3 Hours 177 Hours 45 Degrees 6 Hours 354 Hours 90 Degrees 12 Hours 708 Hours 180 Degrees 24 Hours 1416 Hours 360 Degrees Note:- Axial rotation period of earth and Mercury is respectively 24 Hours and 1416(59Days). VARIATION OF g WITH ALTITUDE:- Altitude(Km) ag(m/s^2) 0 Km 3.70 8.8Km 3.67 36.6Km 3.59 400 Km 2.73 35700Km 0.0 RELATION OF SYNODIC PERIOD BETWEEN THE MERCURY AND OTHER PLANETS:- Planet Sidereal period synodic peroid - Mercury 88 Days Venus 224.7 Days 145 Days Earth 365 Days 116 Days Mars 678 Days 101.11 Days Jupiter 11*3/4 Years 89.9 Days Saturn 29*1/2 Yaers 88.7 Days Uranus 84 Years 88.3 Days Neptune 164*3/4 Years 88.2 Days pluto 247*3/4 Years 88.1 Days SIZE a) Mercury is 2.4 times smaller than Venus. b) Mercury is 2.5 times smaller than Earth. c) Mercury is 1.3 times smaller than Mars. d) Mercury is 28.5 times smaller than Jupiter. e) Mercury is 23.8 times smaller than Saturn. f) Mercury is 10.3 times smaller than Uranus. g) Mercury is 9.9 times smaller than Neptune. h) Mercury is 1.1 times smaller than Pluto. i) Sun is 278.4 times bigger than Mercury. j) Moon is 1.4 times smaller than Mercury. Research Papers on Study of Mercury - Astronomy EssayThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Hockey GameThe Project Managment Office SystemQuebec and CanadaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsResearch Process Part OneBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Competing Vision of Health Care Administration among Stakeholders Literature review

Competing Vision of Health Care Administration among Stakeholders - Literature review Example Health care entails the provision of health services to human beings (Edwards, 2010). Having quality health care services is important for patients and in raising the reputation of hospitals. That is, this subject is highly essential in ensuring that patients get access to the best services (Edwards, 2010). However, as clarified earlier, for the hospitals to achieve this goal, its leaders have to play a huge role in the daily operations of hospitals. It is worth noting that different health care stakeholders in hospital administration share different competing visions, which bring in a subject of great concern in the standards at different hospitals (Edwards, 2010). One of the subjects that the administrators have varied sets of views about is on health care insurance reforms particularly. These reforms are very important in reducing the amount of charity care and Medicaid expenses. The president of the Center for Studying Health System Change, Mr. Ginsburg indicates that there is variable uncertainty on the expected hospital reforms. That is, it is unfeasible to have a simple and fast reform on insurance of health care. Additionally, he says that the aforementioned reforms will vary from state to state and that there are great chances of hospitals experiencing high growth in the number of patients that go for Medicaid (Edwards, 2010). However, Ginsburg goes ahead to point out that, sooner rather than later, hospitals are going to face significant changes in the delivery of care. Precisely, he warns that, with better coordination of care, then, there is a very good chance for hospital care to undergo a decline in the near future.

Discussion board quantitive methds and analysis common assessment Essay

Discussion board quantitive methds and analysis common assessment - Essay Example The method has many advantages and disadvantages. One of its advantages is its flexibility that allowed for data collection at research participants’ convenience. This could have also facilitated response rate. Another advantage of the phone interview method is its speed in data collection relative to other methods such as written interviews because it offers instant response. Phone interviews are also cheaper than other methods because its cost is limited to phone call rates. Other advantages of the method are ability to record responses without negative implications on research participants, ability to explain research requirements to the interviewees, and eliminated need of research assistants (Kothari, 2004). There are, however, challenges of limited time for data collection and limited scope of a study to individuals with phones. The method may also be restricted in geographical scope due to call rate factors. Phone interviews are also not suitable for interviews that require comprehensive responses and are susceptible to interviewer bias. The method may also dictate that interview questions are brief due to cost (Kothari, 2004). Qualitative data was used for the study and the study’s objective informed the data type. The study aimed at understanding people’s beliefs, which are subjective, and therefore require qualitative approach and measure (Kothari, 2004). Stratified random sampling was used for recruiting research participants. The method involves identification of participants in groups with similar and distinguishing characteristics and then generating participants from each of the groups. In the study, participants were grouped by counties and then by age groups, adolescents and adults. Samples were then dawn from each sub groups (Kothari, 2004). The method was used because of anticipated cultural differences across generations and across geographical

Walmart -Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart -Planning - Essay Example Overview of planning Planning is considered to be the first step in doing anything. Planning comprises of a scheduled set of activities and tasks which are pre-defined and resources, cost, material, labor and time is also determined in advance for every activity in the planning process. Without planning, there is no set route to follow and everything goes haywire. Chances of discrepancies, inadequacies, risks and gaps increase in the absence of planning process. Planning can take the form of short or long term planning. In the former case, planning is not much in-depth and focuses on achieving short term monetary benefits. Long term planning is meant to gain strategic advantage because all other elements of managing, controlling and organizing are then aligned with that of strategic planning to fulfill desired goals. Wal-Mart’s vision and mission Wal-Mart’s successful operations are attributed to its cost leadership strategy which has always been focused on its customer (Center for Applied Research 2005). While its vision/mission statement goes as "Wal-Mart’s mission is to help people save money so they can live better†, its stores slogans also compliment its vision and mission statement which run as "Wal-Mart. Always low price. Always." Thus, cost effectiveness and providing products and services at rock bottom prices stand at the core of any planning or managing process at Wal-Mart. Planning at Wal-Mart is a mix of both strategic and day-to-day planning. When we talk of strategic goals, it refer to supplier selection, optimizing on technological inputs, use of automation techniques, software and other decisions which provide a competitive edge to it. Daily routine planning involves inventory control and management, quality control, distribution systems, et cetera (Goodstein, Nolan & Pfeiffer 1993, p.131). Application of planning process within Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is considered as a value driven company and this value addition is attri buted to its strategic planning in operational, tactical and contingency categories. It has always decided in advance where it wants to go, how and which activities to focus upon to achieve desired objectives. Wal-Mart’s planning process spans across all of its functions namely store management, finance, human resources, operations, information technology and strategic management. On tactical front, it has always devised plans and means on how to attract customers and stick to its low cost proposition. This is what gives way to its EDLP (Every Day Low Pricing) strategy. In operations side also, Wal-Mart exercises collaborative planning and forecasting relationship (CPFR) with that of its suppliers as it believes that involvement of suppliers in critical decisions helps reduce costs and improve quality. This way, it is able to extract synergies from that of its partners and develop long term relations with them. From financial perspective, separate committee is formed comprisi ng of 3-4 members who meet regularly and discuss issues pertaining to the capital structure, financial status, global policies, acquisitions, investments and annual financing plans. Within strategic planning, the committee also analyzes the basic goals to be achieved and in this respect, reviews its relations with investors, stakeholders, banks, financial institutions and others. Regular monitoring and check on its dividend policy and annual budgeting process enables undeviated implementation of set plans

Conform Essay Example for Free

Conform Essay In other cases being beautiful is very important to many people and some are willing to change to conform to everyone else’s perspectives to beauty. Others find themselves comfortable with just the way they are. Some people decide to go into painful plastic surgeries to fit in with the rest of the so-called beautiful people; others rebel against pleasing others and don’t put so much importance to it. They focus on being on what they really are. In â€Å"Barbie Doll† by Marge Piercy and â€Å"Lost Sister† by Cathy Song Girlchild and Sister struggle with their decision on whether to rebel or conform to what society expects. Girlchild from â€Å"Barbie Doll† chooses to conform to society’s expectations. Girlchild does not consider herself beautiful because she has large nose and chubby legs. Even though she is described as smart and in good conditions, the people around her only care of how she looks physically. The requirements to be beautiful are so limited and her good features are not one of them. Physically, Girlchild does not believe herself as beautiful. Barbie dolls are the ideal form of beauty, with the perfect body, big eyes, and perfect nose. Girlchild does not carry any features of a Barbie doll but that does not mean she is ugly. Instead of finding her own way of beauty Girlchild decides to fit in. So Girlchild loses weight, changes her look, and attitude to please others. Even like that people criticize her of being imperfect all they still see is â€Å"a fat nose on thick legs† (Piercy 11). She fails to find acceptance, even after all the hard work she puts into it. To conform to everyone else she finally decides to cut her nose and legs off. This decision to fit in causes her life to end. After that the undertaker fixes her up putting on a fake nose and fixing other imperfections. At her uneral now that she carries a different nose, the so-called perfect nose, everyone finally asks â€Å"Doesn’t she look pretty? † (Piercy 23). At last she succeeds to be accepted but now it doesn’t really matter, because she is dead. In the other hand sister from the poem â€Å"Lost Sister† did not conform instead she decides to rebel. Her culture expects women to be loyal, obedient, and t o stay at home and care for their family throughout all their lives. Sister is compared to a jade stone, because like the stone women are able to do so much, but are not able â€Å"to move freely† (Song 13). In Sister’s culture women are destined to take care of their family and are not capable to achieve anything else. They also have to go through a painful process of foot binding that didn’t allow them to walk comfortably. This foot binding procedure is for women to have small cute feet. It also enables them to move fast and far. Sister does not conform to this lifestyle unlike Girchild, Sister decides to seek opportunities and equality in America. Sister leaves to another country to find freedom. In America she does not have to go through painful procedures to be accepted. She now has the opportunity to â€Å"stride along with men† (Song 36). While this is what she wants, she is still not satisfied. In America she has no family. By rebelling she gets what she wants but she is unable to share this with her family. She is unable to understand the new language. The city is nothing like where she was born; in the city there is always light and the air is not the cleanest. She starts to miss China. She realizes it wasn’t so easy after all. Even though one decides to rebel and the other to conform at the end, ironically, they are both unhappy. Girlchild is lifeless unable to enjoy her accomplishment and Sister was unable to share her freedom with her family.

Noise Pollution Essay -- Cause Effect Noise Environment Essays

Noise Pollution Abstract No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder. Noise is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives. In the past thirty years, noise in all areas, especially in urban areas, have been increasing rapidly. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noise pollution. In the following paper, the cause and effects of noise pollution will be presented in some detail. Slowly, insensibly, we seem to accept noise and the physiological and psychological deterioration that accompanies it as an inevitable part of our lives. Although we attempt to set standards for some of the most major sources of noise, we often are unable to monitor them. Major sources of noise can be airplanes at takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy countless other sounds, from hard rock music to loud Harley Davidson motor cycles. The following areas will be investigated in some detail; adolescent education, neural-effects, sleep, hearing damage, occupational environment, transportation, and physiological effects. Introduction Almost everyone has had one experience of being temporarily "deafened" by a loud noise. This "deafness" in not permanent, although it is often accompanied by a ringing in the ears, and one can hear another person if he raises his voice. Likewise, normal hearing comes back within a few hours at most. This sort of partial hearing loss is called Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) (Bugliarello, et al., 1976). A TTS may be experienced after firing a gun or... ...aft Noise and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions Conducted in the Same Area. Psychol. Med Vol. 9: 681-693. Maser, A.; Sorensen,; and Krypter, K. 1978. Effects of Intrusive Sound on Classroom Behavior: Data from a Successful Lawsuit. San Francisco. Peterson, W. H. and Northwood, T. D. 1981. Noise raised blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science Vol. 211: 1450-1452. United States National Industrial Pollution Control Council (NIPCC), 1970 Vallet, M. Psychophysiological 1979. Effects of Exposure to Aircraft or to Traffic Noise. Proc. Inst. Acoustics Vol. 3: 1-4. Von Bekesy, George. 1957. The Ear, Scientific American, 197: 61-67 Council on Environmental Quality. 1979. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. The Extent of the Noise Problem. WHO Report. 1990. UN Conference.

Effects of Drug Use during Pregnancy on Children Essay

Being pregnant means more than just carrying a child in uteri for nine months. Pregnant women must watch what they put into their bodies because it will directly affect the life of their unborn child. Unborn children are totally helpless to their mothers’ actions and totally dependent on everything they do. All pregnant women need to be aware of the consequences of using drugs during pregnancy; drugs such as, cocaine, heroin, cigarettes, methamphetamine, and marijuana. All drugs illegal or not could have critical and long lasting effects on children throughout their whole life. What are drugs? Drugs are chemicals that can make you change the way the body works. Some drugs are worse than others but no matter which one used, during pregnancy all drugs have dreadful effects on the unborn child. The drugs cocaine, heroin, tobacco/cigarettes, methamphetamines and marijuana can affect children in different ways; however, they all should be avoided during pregnancy. Mothers need to think about their unborn child and the adverse effects using drugs will have on them not only as infants but as young children and young adults as well. Cocaine is a strongly addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine is one of the oldest drugs known to this day (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). There is no safe amount of cocaine for a woman who is pregnant because any cocaine taken will transfer to the baby as well (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Heroine is also a highly addictive drug and it is the most abused and fast acting of the opiate group. Heroine, processed from morphine, is derived from certain poppy plants. Heroin will cross over to the baby through the placenta and cause an unborn baby to be dependent on the drug. Tobacco/cigarettes are a non illicit drug and the most common drug used among pregnant woman. Tobacco products have been linked to low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Methamphetamines are highly addictive substances with powerful central nervous system stimulant properties (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamines are considered a major drug of abuse and can cause low birth weight, miscarriages and could lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in America today. Women who use marijuana on a daily basis will operate at subliminal levels because it directly affects the way the brain works. When using marijuana during pregnancy the mother is more likely to have a miscarriage or a low birth weight baby. No matter which drug the mother is using it can be detrimental to the unborn baby’s health and should be avoided. Using drugs during pregnancy not only affects the baby a birth but it can affect that child for the rest of his/her life. The child can experience many difficulties in when he/she goes to school as well. Each drug is different and affects children differently. Cocaine may cause drug dependency and withdrawal symptoms at birth, as well physical and me ntal problems, especially if the mother used cocaine during the first three months of pregnancy. There is a higher risk of hypertension, heart problems, developmental retardation and learning difficulties (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). It has been reported that prenatal cocaine exposure is linked to cognitive and neuropsychological development and school functioning in 6 to 8 year olds (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). A baby who has been exposed to prenatal cocaine use by the mother is more likely to be irritable, jittery and have an irregular sleeping pattern, visual problems and problems with sensory stimulation (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). During pregnancy cocaine crosses into the placenta and enters the baby’s blood circulation and will stay in the blood longer than it will the mother (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using cocaine during pregnancy increases the risk of having a miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy. During the later part of pregnancy, using cocaine can cause placental abruption which could lead to severe bleeding, preterm birth and death of the unborn baby (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Also babies who are exposed to cocaine during the later part of pregnancy may experience a dependence of the drug and may be required to be weaned off the drug at birth because the child can experience withdrawal symptoms (Joan Keegana, 2010). Symptoms include tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding problems for the infant. Prenatal cocaine exposure has also been linked to behavior problems among the children in school, and aggression and shoddier attention and processing skills (Delaney-Black, 2010). For children of prenatal cocaine exposure life can be difficult, struggling in school at an early age may detour that child from continuing school when they are older to achieve his/her diploma. Also the children will have all sorts of behavior issues in school. Compared to children with no cocaine exposure, children who were exposed to cocaine had drastically more mother and teacher behavior problems throughout early elementary school (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children of older women who used cocaine during pregnancy also experienced more difficulties in school than children born to younger mothers who used cocaine (Gale A. Richardson, 2010). Children who are exposed to cocaine prenatally were also linked to be affected by weight and height, meaning children were smaller in weight and height categories compared to their peers. Cocaine is a very powerful drug and should not be used at all and more importantly should not be used during pregnancy. Cocaine use during pregnancy could be fatal for the unborn child and does not give him/her a fair chance at life. A pregnant woman needs to think about her unborn child before she does cocaine because her child could potentially have multiple problems in school and in life. The most important reason for a woman not to use cocaine during pregnancy is it could kill an unborn child. Heroine is classified as an opiate and travels the fastest of any drug into the baby’s blood stream when the mothe r is pregnant and used it (Joan Keegana, 2010). Like cocaine heroin is also very addictive and the baby once born can become dependent on this drug and have to be weaned off of it (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Using heroin while pregnant can affect fetal development. Heroin use has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and premature birth, and babies may be born smaller than average and may be prone to illness (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). The substances that are cut with heroin may also cause problems during the pregnancy and affect the developing fetus. Injecting heroin can increase the risk of both the mother and baby becoming infected with blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis and HIV (Joan Keegana, 2010). Pregnant women who want to stop taking heroin need to be very careful. Sudden withdrawal from heroin may harm the baby and increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and stillbirth (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). If a mother continues to use heroin while breastfeeding, it is possible that the drug will be present in her milk and may have adverse effects on the baby. Babies of mothers who use heroin will have some long-term effects. Some children at three to six years of age children whose mothers were addicted to heroin were lower in weight and height compared to the other children whose mothers did not use heroin, and impaired in behavioral, perceptual and organizational abilities. Babies born with low birth weight have been shown to have many difficulties later in life such as, language learning disabilities, behavior problems, and children are more likely to be rejected by peers and performance in school may suffer and the children may need special education courses. Heroin is a very bad drug to be addicted too, not only because of the risks it presents on the person using it, but because it has an added risk of HIV because of all the needle sharing. Using heroin or any opiate should be avoided at all time for children’s sake. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy affects development of a baby’s, brain, spinal cord, heart and kidneys (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Methamphetamine use during pregnancy may result in prenatal complications, like premature delivery and birth deformities. High doses of the drug may cause a baby’s blood pressure to rise rapidly, leading them to suffer strokes or brain hemorrhages before birth (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Methamphetamine-exposed babies may experience gastroschisis and other problems with the development of their intestines (National Institutes on Drug Abuse, 2009). As a result of methamphetamine use by their mothers, some babies may suffer develop mental and skeletal abnormalities and some babies are born without parts of their arms or legs (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because methamphetamine affects transmitters in the brain, babies often experience sleep disturbances and altered behavioral patterns (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). These babies have been described as â€Å"irritable babies.† Full-term babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine will likely have difficulty sucking and swallowing, much like premature babies. Often babies born to meth-addicted women cannot tolerate stimuli such as human touch and light. These babies often display tremors and coordination problems (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies whose mothers used methamphetamine during pregnancy may experience learning disabilities, growth and developmental delays (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). The effects of methamphetamine use on brain development may last for many years. School-aged children whose mothers used methamphetamine while pregnant are more likely to be hyperactive or to have attention deficit disorders, learning disabilities and unprovoked fits of anger (Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy, 2008). When pregnant women use marijuana it crosses into the baby through the placenta. Marijuana contains toxins that keep the baby from getting the proper amount oxygen that the baby needs in order to grow normally (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Marijuana use during pregnancy is one of the lesser bad drugs; however, it could still pose detrimental problems on the growing fetus (Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy, 2008). Babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancy display altered responses to visual stimulation, increased tremors, and a high-pitched cry, which could indicate problems with nervous system development (Joan Keegana, 2010). During preschool and early school years, children who have been exposed to marijuana have been reported to have more behavioral problems and difficulties with sustained attention and memory than children who were not exposed (Joan Keegana, 2010). Because some parts of the brain continue to develop into adolescence, it is also possible that certain kinds of problems will become more evident as the child matures (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Pregnant women should not to use any drugs because they might harm the growing fetus. Although one animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy, two studies in humans found no association between marijuana use and early pregnancy loss (Barbara L. Thompson, 2009). Regardless of the situation, mothers should not smoke marijuana because of the possibilities of it causing harm of the baby. Tobacco is the most commonly drug used among women who are pregnant because the quit rate is surprisingly low. Only twenty percent of woman who smoke will quit smoking completely during their pregnancy (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Women who are heavy smokers are less likely to quit as well. Smoking during pregnancy can cause premature birth and can cause the baby to be little. Smoking while pregnant is also linked to placenta previa, placenta abruption and sudden infant death syndrome (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). While smoking tobacco has long been linked to poor growth in a fetus and other short-term effects, it also has long-term effects on a baby whose mother smoked during the pregnancy. Only about twenty percent of women smokers who become pregnant quit (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). With all of the health effects that tobacco can have on both baby and mother, pregnant women who smoke are advised to try and quit for their own health and the health of their child (Miles, 2009). Children born to mothers who smoke tobacco tend to be more impulsive and have more trouble learning and developing. Infants whose mothers smoked while they were in the pregnant are more likely to exhibit lower scores on mental tests at age one and to have lower grades overall during the school years than children whose mothers who did not use tobacco (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). The risk of a learning disability, such as dyslexia, rises twenty-five percent in children whose mothers smoked a pack or more of cigarettes a day. Babies born to smokers may also have lifelong birth defects that impede mental development, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation (Miles, 2009). Those whose mothers smoked moderately or heavily during pregnancy were over four times as likely to develop type two diabetes; also called adult onset diabetes, before the age of 33, which is considered an early age for developing this type of diabetes. The children of mothers who smoke are also more likely to become obese later in life. There is also a link between fetal exposure to tobacco smoke and future risk of cardiovascular disease (Vanessa E Murphy, 2010). Children who were exposed to tobacco smoke as a fetus are more likely to develop hypertension, or high blood pressure, than the children of women who did not smoke during pregnancy (Miles, 2009). This increase was originally thought to be correlated to the low birth weight typical of babies whose moms smoked during pregnancy, but when compared with children of similar birth weight, the smokers’ children had higher blood pressure at ages five and six than other kids. Mothers who smoke tobacco while pregnant may also affect their baby’s brain in ways that last a lifetime. These children are more likely to engage in criminal behavior and to abuse drugs than the children of women who did not smoke while pregnant (Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy, 2011). Overall, mothers who are pregnant should not use any type of drug from illicit to non illicit because they can all have detrimental consequences on the growing baby, not just in the womb but later in life as well. Work Cited * Barbara L. Thompson, P. L. (2009). Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education. National Institutes of Health , 10 (4), 303-312. * Delaney-Black, V. (2010). Prenatal and Postnatal cocaine exposure predict teen cocaine use. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 110-119. * Drug Babies and the Effects of Drug Abuse During Pregnancy. (2011). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from The Good Drugs Guide: www.thegooddrugsguide.com * Gale A. Richardson, L. G. (2010). Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother-and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 69-77. * Joan Keegana, M. P. (2010). Addiction in Pregnancy. Journal of Addictive Diseases , 29 (2), 175-191. * Methamphetamine use During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from North Dakota Department of Health: www.nddh.com * Miles, M. (2009). Challenges for midwives: pregnant women and illicit drug use. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing , 28 (1), 83-90. * National Institutes on Drug Abuse. (2009). Retrieved May 18, 2011, from National Institutes of Health: www.nida.nih.gov * Using Illegal Street Drugs During Pregnancy. (2008, October). Retrieved May 19, 2011, from American Pregnancy Association: www.americanpregnancyassociation.org * Vanessa E Murphy, V. L. (2010). The effect of cigarette smoking on asthma control during exacerbations in pregnant women. Thorax , 739-744.

The Investigation of the Controlled and the Automatic Processes Employing the Stroop Effect Experiment.

The investigation of the controlled and the automatic processes employing the Stroop effect experiment. Abstract The interference between the controlled and the automatic processes was observed in the Stroop effect type experiment using two different conditions. The original Stroop effect experiment concluded that the participants will find it more difficult to complete the reading task of the words related to colour meaning in comparison to the reading task of non-colour related words. The result of Stroop experiment supported the notion that control and automatic processes can obstruct each other in certain tasks.In the current experiment, the two conditions in reading task were modified to make them look more visually similar. The result indicated that despite of visual similarities, the automatic processes interfered with control processes due to the colour related properties of the words in Stroop condition. Introduction The large quantity of information we come across in our ev eryday life is staggering. It is very hard to understand how much of this information is taken in and how much of the information just pass by. It is up to cognitive processes to decide how much and to what extent the information is accepted for further processing.This selection process has been identified as attention. All of the above is indicating that our brain is not capable to process all the information available to us therefore attentional processes are required. Various theories were devised to clarify and explain the process of selection, such as a limited – capacity theory of Kahneman or bottleneck theory of attention by Broadbent (as cited in Edgar, 2007) However how much of this process are we aware of? Can we influence how much of the information is taken in or is it our subconscious which is in control?The attentional processes are divided between conscious – control processes and subconscious – automatic processes. Even though both processes oper ate in very different ways, they both can work simultaneously and both have their advantages and disadvantages. The control process is conscious, therefore easy to control, however it is using a large amount of the processing resources. Based on the experiments conducted by Schneider and Shiffrin (as cited in Edgar, 2007), it is assumed that automatic processed are not using up attentional resources as no conscious awareness is employed.The most famous experiment demonstrating the interference between the control and automatic processes was carried out by Stroop (1935). In the original Stroop experiment the participants were presented with a list of words printed in different coloured ink. In the first list, the words were names of colour printed in ink which never matched with the name of the colour – Stroop condition. Second list was containing a colour-neutral words. The participants were asked to read the name of the colour of the ink instead of the word itself. The findi ng was that in the colour-neutral words, the participants completed the task without difficulties.However, in the Stroop condition the participants found it more difficult as they were trying to prevent responding with the name of the colour rather than the colour of the ink. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) The experiment above is demonstrating one of the disadvantages of the automatic processes. Even though the automatic processes are not using up our precious attentional resources, they can interfere with the control processes as we are not able to just turn them off. To test this theory further a present experiment was created using both the Stroop condition model and the control condition.However, the Stroop condition was modified to include the colour-related words rather than the names of the colour. The words used were such as blood or carrot with strong relation to the certain colour. The words were printed in the colour ink not matching with the colour related to the word. Even t hough the control condition contained the non-related colour words, the words were visually very similar to the words in Stroop condition. The research hypothesis was that as in Stroop condition the participants will find it more difficult to read colour-related words. This is one-tailed hypothesis.The null hypothesis was that there wouldn’t be any difference in time taken to complete reading task of each list. Method Section Design The design employed in the experiment is a within-participants design. The independent variable was a reading task of the colour of the words printed on the list provided. The independent variable had two conditions, the Stroop condition and control condition. The Stroop condition contained the colour-related words printed in incompatible colour ink with the word and the control condition contained non-colour related words printed in various colour inks.The word list in the Stroop condition had 5 words repeatedly printed in incompatible ink with t he word. The words in the control list were matched to the word list in Stroop condition to contain the exact same number of letters of each matched word. The word order and well as the colour order was matched exactly in the both lists. The dependent variable was the time measure to complete the reading task of each list. The measurement was complete in seconds by the researcher using a stopwatch and it was recorded to the nearest second. The participants were given the task individually in order to limit any confounding variables.Participants The twenty participants joined in this experiment were current students at the Open University and their friends and family members. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 69 and there were 12 females and 8 male participants. Materials The two visual stimuli were presented to each participant on A4 sheet paper in colour containing 30 words divided into two columns of 15 words. A stimuli for the Stroop condition contained 5 colours-rela ted words printed in incompatible ink with the word. The six colours used were red, yellow, green, orange, purple and blue.The words used in the Stroop condition were blood, lemon, grass, carrot, plum, sky. A stimuli for the control condition contained exact same number of word and same colours were used. The words matched with the Stroop condition. The words used have the exact same number of letters, they stared with the same first letters and they visually resembled the words in the Stroop condition. The words used in the control condition were blame, ledge, grade, carrer, plan, sty. Each word was repeated 6 times on each sheet. Both lists are included in Appendix 1.The standard instruction (included in Appendix 2) printed on A4 paper were read to the participants. The consent form (included in Appendix 3) was supplied to participants to sign. The data were recorded to the nearest second and logged on the response sheet. A stopwatch was employed to record reading time accurately. Procedure Each participant was approached and asked if they will be willing to take part in a cognitive psychology experiment with a focus on controlled and automatic processing of information. All participants were explained a basic of the experiment and asked to sign a consent form.All participants were tested individually. The age and sex of the participants were recorded prior to the start of the experiment. The full instructions were read to the participants and it was made sure that it was clear before proceeding. (Appendix 2: Instructions) All participants received the same instruction. Both lists were presented as A4 print out in coloured ink. Both lists were presented separately to the participants, only few seconds before asking the participant to read the colour of the words aloud. The first list to read was the Stroop condition list followed by a control condition list.With every other participants the order of the presentation of the list was switched around. Full expe riment took approximately minutes with each participant. The reading of each condition was recorded separately using an accurate stopwatch. The results were recorded on the response sheet. After the experiment the participants were informed about the hypothesis of experiment and explained the differences between the both conditions. Result The research hypothesis in this experiment was that participants will take longer to complete the Stroop condition.The time to read through the full list of each condition individually was recorded to the nearest second. As Table 1 is indicated, the mean response time of Stroop condition is 2. 65 seconds slower than the mean response in the control condition. The paired sample t-test was carried out using these data obtaining following result. The difference between these conditions is statically significant (t(19)=3. 933, p=0. 002, d=0. 44) Based on the information above the null hypothesis was rejected and the experimental hypothesis accepted. T able 1Mean and standard deviation of response time in secondsConditionMean response time (In seconds)Standard deviation Experiment (Stroop) condition23. 606. 533 Control condition 20. 955. 520 Discussion The result of the experiment above proved that despite of using colour-related words, rather than the name of the colour as per original Stroop experiment, the findings were similar. The participants found it more difficult to read the colour-related words printed in colour which didn’t match the visual perception of the certain word. The participants tried to avoid reading the colour of the word associated with particular word therefore this reading task took longer.Even though, the neutral words looked visual similar, and they were recorded in exact same colour order, the participants completed this reading task more quickly due to the lack of the meaning of the words and no relation to the specific colour. Therefore, in the control condition, only automatic processes were activated and there was no interference with the control processes and as a result the participants found this task easier. The control and automatic processes can interfere with each other doing certain tasks. Specifically, the automatic process of reading was interfering with controlled process of naming the colour of the ink.Nevertheless, the current experiment was conducted with only twenty participants. There is a possibility that if the experiment was conducted with much bigger sample the results may not be as conclusive. Especially , as further experiments indicated, the automatic processes can be influenced by individual strategies. To imply this notion to the Stroop experiment, it has been found that just by focusing on the first letter of each word, the automatic processes – the Stroop effect can be reduced. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) This would imply that automatic processes are not completely free and unconscious as previously suggested.In addition, the automatic a nd controlled processes are not completely fixed. For example, reading was controlled process before it was learned and became control process. This observation suggests that the relationship between the controlled and automatic processes is on continuum and can evolve with time. Gopher (1993) proposes that attentional skill can be learned to a certain extent depending on the situation or internal motivation. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) In conclusion, the result of the experiment is supporting the notion that the control processes can interfere with the automatic processes when trying to complete certain tasks.However, further experiments in this specific field would have to be conducted to determine the full extent of automatic responses and their relation to the control processes. References Edgard, G. (2007) Perception and attention, In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, & K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 3-50). Milton Keynes: The Open University Appendices: Appendix 1: Word lists containing experimental and control condition (not included) Appendix 2: Instructions (not included) Appendix 3: Consent Form (not included) Appendix 4: Raw data Appendix 5: SPSS print-out of t-test